Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (SAVMs) and spinal dural arteriovenous malformations or fistulas (SDAVMs) are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that occur within the spinal cord or in its coverings or linings (dura).

These spinal AVMs lack the normal small blood vessels or capillaries that lay between the arteries and veins, and that serve to slow blood flow and allow it to provide oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. The resulting increase in blood flow may cause an increase in the pressure within the veins that drain off the spinal cord, and a decreased ability of these veins to clear blood from the area. This can result in a loss of spinal cord function or hemorrhage (bleeding) into the spinal cord or the liquid surrounding the spinal cord.

Spinal AVMs may present with abrupt pain, progressive loss of strength or sensation, or bowel, bladder or sexual dysfunction. The diagnosis of this condition can usually be made with MRI images of the spine, but spinal angiography is required to confirm the diagnosis and to delineate the spinal cord vascular anatomy, which is essential for planning treatment.

A multidisciplinary team of specialists including endovascular surgeons, neurosurgeons, pediatric neurosurgeons, neurologists and neurophysiologists is required to treat this condition. Spinal cord AVMs usually can be treated by embolization. The team involved in the management of this condition must have experience in this refined and highly precise procedure.